i can't believe i've never noticed the 'X' (upper case) permission setting for the chmod command, explained thusly in the man page: "The letters rwxXst select file mode bits for the affected users: read (r), write (w), execute (or search for directories) (x), execute/search only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), restricted deletion flag or sticky bit (t)..." what is the rationale for that particular setting? what problem is it trying to solve? i'm just a bit puzzled. rday -- ======================================================================== Robert P. J. Day Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA http://crashcourse.ca Twitter: http://twitter.com/rpjday LinkedIn: http://ca.linkedin.com/in/rpjday ========================================================================