since i finally tracked down the cause of this grief, i figured i'd share so you can point and laugh. in upgrading my kernel source and rebuilding a newer kernel, i somehow ended up deselecting the kernel config option TMPFS_POSIX_ACL, which is the option that supports ACLs under any tmpfs mounts, including (argh!) /dev. and ACLs are kind of important under /dev for things like, well, sound, since ACLs are used to give users read/write access to all of the sound-related special device files under /dev/snd for sound to work properly. how i managed to deselect that option, i have no idea, but once i isolated the problem to that, it was a simple matter to turn it back on, rebuild, reboot and -- voila -- i have sound again. but there's more. i was kind of miffed at how easy it was to accidentally turn off that option so i looked in fs/Kconfig to see: config TMPFS_POSIX_ACL bool "Tmpfs POSIX Access Control Lists" depends on TMPFS select TMPFS_XATTR select GENERIC_ACL help POSIX Access Control Lists (ACLs) support permissions for users and groups beyond the owner/group/world scheme. To learn more about Access Control Lists, visit the POSIX ACLs for Linux website <http://acl.bestbits.at/>. If you don't know what Access Control Lists are, say N. where you notice two things. first, even after you select TMPFS, you can deselect TMPFS_POSIX_ACL, which strikes me as dangerous. after all, stuff like sound and other things *requires* ACL support under /dev, so what would be point of choosing TMPFS without ACLs these days? and that last help line: "If you don't know what Access Control Lists are, say N." yeah, i'm pretty sure that's really, really bad advice these days. so, in the end, it wasn't a ubuntu issue, it was a straight kernel issue. grrrrrr ... rday -- ======================================================================== Robert P. J. Day Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA http://crashcourse.ca Twitter: http://twitter.com/rpjday LinkedIn: http://ca.linkedin.com/in/rpjday ========================================================================