Hi; I am trying to learn how my Network Interface Card works from the ground up: Can anybody recommend a good read or detailed web site? I have tried all the usual sites; TLDP, Wikipedia, How stuff works, The PC Guide and googled. While they all give a bit of an overview they really don't tell me the stuff I want to know. I am trying to work my why up from the typical actual pieces of hardware to the user abstractions. Hardware: How do the following work? 1) The reception or sending of the electronic signal 2) How is the signal created or read. 3) On a diagram or picture, where is the card's cpu, registers and other electronics such as clocks etc. 4) Where are the headers encoded/decoded? How? 5) etc. Software: How do the following work? 1) Drivers 2) Ports 3) How data gets to Clients and/or Servers I have lots of info on protocols and internet application software. I have several texts that describe what happens to the data after it leaves the NIC. A large part of my confusion comes from the wide variety of NICs available. I would like to stay in the simple league that deals with cards like my own. It is a: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ PCI Driver: 8139too /dev/eth0 I don't expect anyone to take the time to answer those questions; but, perhaps someone has the experience of knowing where else I can look to get those questions answered. I hopefully await a reply. -- Regards Bill