i note from the docs that PAM supports preventing the reuse of a configurable number of old passwords with the use of the remember=n however, where does PAM "remember" these passwords such that, if one had root access and could hack files, could one manually reset the list of remembered passwords? just curious. rday -- ======================================================================== Robert P. J. Day Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA http://crashcourse.ca Twitter: http://twitter.com/rpjday LinkedIn: http://ca.linkedin.com/in/rpjday ========================================================================