nothing serious, i'm just drawing a blank at the moment. first question -- which git subcommands actually access a remote repository? i ask since most git subcommands that query repo states or history first require you to fetch some of that repo content to your local object store so that, in the end, you're actually only accessing the information that's already on your host. other than the standard clone, pull, fetch, pull and so on, the only one i know of is "git ls-remote". are there any others i'm overlooking? and second, i'm poking around rational clearcase at the moment and one of the alleged features of clearcase is the ability to "invisibly substitute a versioned copy when a particular file is opened." my first reaction is, "hey, if i want a state where one file has different contents, i can just create a new branch, where that file is the only additional change." but that's clearly not the same since, if i want to keep up with additional commits on the main branch, i have to keep merging or rebasing that work onto my specialty branch with the single changed file. the easiest solution is, i think, to just "git checkout" that single file from that commit ID, but that's not what i would call invisible. is there a git equivalent to that? or (i'm starting to suspect) that's not something that comes up a lot in git. i can't think of when i've needed that particular bit of magic. likely more questions coming shortly ... rday -- ======================================================================== Robert P. J. Day Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA http://crashcourse.ca Twitter: http://twitter.com/rpjday LinkedIn: http://ca.linkedin.com/in/rpjday ========================================================================